Bones And Joints 4 Edition

Skeletal Anatomy and Physiology

Comprehensive overview of bone structure, types (long, short, flat, irregular), and bone composition (cortical and cancellous bone).
Functions of the skeleton: support, protection, movement, mineral storage, and blood cell production.

Bone Development and Growth

Processes of intramembranous and endochondral ossification.
Factors influencing bone growth including hormones, nutrition, and mechanical stress.
Growth plate (physis) anatomy and disorders such as growth plate injuries.

Joint Structure and Function

Classification of joints: fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints.
Detailed study of synovial joint components: articular cartilage, synovium, joint capsule, ligaments, and menisci.
Biomechanics and range of motion of major joints.

Bone and Joint Pathologies

Common bone diseases: osteoporosis, osteocalcin, Paget’s disease.
Joint disorders: osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, septic arthritis, and gout.
Congenital and developmental disorders (e.g., scoliosis, hip dysplasia).

Injuries and Fractures

Classification and management of fractures: open vs. closed, displaced vs. non-displaced, stress fractures.
Healing phases of bone repair: inflammatory, reparative, and remodeling stages.
Common joint injuries: dislocations, sprains, and ligament tears.